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173 "Originality does not mean thinking something that was never thought before; it means putting old ideas together in new ways."
173． 创造性不是指想人们没有想过的东西；而是以新方式将旧观点组织在一起。
174 "Laws should not be rigid or fixed. Instead, they should be flexible enough to take account of various circumstances, times, and places."
174． 法律不应该太僵化、太固定。他们应该是灵活的，考虑到各种实际情况、时间和地点。
175 "It is always an individual who is the impetus for innovation; the details may be worked out by a team, but true innovation results from the enterprise and unique perception of an individual."
175． 总是某个个人推动了革新；可能由团队完成细节，但是真正的革新来自于个人的进取心与不寻常的洞察力。
176 "The function of science is to reassure; the purpose of art is to upset. Therein lies the value of each."
176． 科学的目的是使人们安心，艺术的目的是使人们不安。这就是它们各自的价值。
177 "The study of an academic discipline alters the way we perceive the world. After studying the discipline, we see the same world as before, but with different eyes."
177． 对学术的研究改变了我们感知世界的方式。探究了这些领域之后，看同样的世界，却是不同的视角。
178 "It is possible to pass laws that control or place limits on people s behavior, but legislation cannot reform human nature. Laws cannot change what is in people s hearts and minds."
178． 控制、限制人们行为的法律可能建立，但是立法不能改变人们的本性，法律无法改变人们的所思所想。
179 "What most human beings really want to attain is not knowledge, but certainty. Gaining real knowledge requires taking risks and keeping the mind open -- but most people prefer to be reassured rather than to learn the complex and often unsettling truth about anything."
179． 人类真正希望获取的不是知识，而是确定性。获取真正的知识需要冒险，并且要有开放的心灵，但是大多数人更喜欢确定感，而不是去了解事物复杂的，甚至是使人不安的真相。
180 "Many problems of modern society cannot be solved by laws and the legal system because moral behavior cannot be legislated."
180． 现代社会的许多问题是法律和司法系统不能解决的，因为道德行为无法立法。
181 "The way students and scholars interpret the materials they work with in their academic fields is more a matter of personality than of training.
Different interpretations come about when people with different personalities look at exactly the same objects, facts, data, or events and see different things."
181． 研究者和学者们诠释他们研究领域的资料时，更多的是一种个人化的行为，而不是拥有客观的标准。当个性不同的人看待完全相同的物体、事实、数据或者事件时，会给出不同的诠释，看到不同的东西。
182 "It is dangerous to trust only intelligence."
182． 只相信智力是危险的。（Intelligence：The faculty of thought and reason. 故智力－理性相对于直觉－感性，我的理解）
183 "As we acquire more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensible , but more complex and more mysterious."
183． 随着我们获取的知识越来越多，事情不是变得更好理解，而是变得更复杂更神秘。
184 "It is a grave mistake to theorize before one has data."
184． 在没有证据之前就得出理论，是重大错误。
185 "Scandals -- whether in politics, academia, or other areas -- can be useful. They focus our attention on problems in ways that no speaker or reformer ever could."
185． 丑闻，不管是政治、学术还是其他领域，都是有用的。它们能吸引人们的注意力，而使我们聚焦于问题，以一种演讲者和改革家都做不到的方式。
186 "Practicality is now our great idol, which all powers and talents must serve. Anything that is not obviously practical has little value in today s world."
186． 现在，实用性是我们最大的追求，所有的力量和聪明才智都应为其努力。任何没有明显实用性的东西在当今世界都是没有价值的。
187 "It is easy to welcome innovation and accept new ideas. What most people find difficult, however, is accepting the way these new ideas are put into practice."
187． 人们很容易欢迎革新和接受新思想。但是，人们发现最困难的是接受把新思想应用到实践中来的方式。
188 "Success, whether academic or professional, involves an ability to survive in a new environment and, eventually, to change it."
188． 成功，不管是学术上还是专业上的，都包括适应新环境并最终改变它的能力。
189 "If people disregard the great works of the past, it is because these works no longer answer the needs of the present."
189． 如果人们忽视了过去的伟大成就，那是因为这些成就已不能再回应目前的需要。
190 "As long as people in a society are hungry or out of work or lack the basic skills needed to survive, the use of public resources to support the arts is inappropriate -- and, perhaps, even cruel -- when one considers all the potential uses of such money."
190． 当人们挨饿、失业或者缺少维持生存的基本技能时，动用公众资源来支持艺术就不合适了，也许，考虑到这些金钱的所有可能用途时，就更不人道了。
191 "Education should be equally devoted to enriching the personal lives of students and to training students to be productive workers."
191． 教育应该把这两件事看得同等重要－丰富学生的个人生活，把学生培养成生产者。
192 "Success in any realm of life comes more often from taking chances or risks than from careful and cautious planning."
192． 生活各个方面的成功更多是来自机遇或者冒险，而不是仔细和谨慎的规划。
193 "It is not the headline-making political events but the seldom-reported social tranformations that have the most lasting significance."
193． 更有持久影响的不是头版头条的政治事件，而是鲜有报道的社会变革。
194 "The best preparation for life or a career is not learning to be competitive, but learning to be cooperative."
194． 为生活和工作做的最好准备，不是学会竞争，而是学会合作。
195 "The goal of politics should not be the pursuit of an ideal, but rather the search for common ground and reasonable consensus."
195． 政治的目标不应是追求一个理想状态，而是寻找共同点和合情合理的共识。
196 "Technology creates more problems than it solves, and may threaten or damage the quality of life."
196． 科技产生的问题多于所解决的，可能威胁或降低人们的生活质量。
197 "The material progress and well-being of one country are necessarily connected to the material progress and well-being of all other countries."
197． 一个国家的生活质量提高和社会的安定是和其他所有国家的生活质量提高和社会安定密不可分的。
198 "Instead of encouraging conformity, society should show greater appreciation of individual differences."
198． 社会应该赞赏个性差异，而不是鼓励一致统一。
199 "Truly innovative ideas do not arise from groups of people, but from in dividuals. When groups try to be creative, the members force each other to compromise and, as a result, creative ideas tend to be weakened and made more conventional. Most original ideas arise from individuals working alone."
199． 真正创新的思想不是来自群体，而是来自个人。当一个群体试图创新时，群体中的成员使得彼此相互妥协，最终削弱集体的创造性，趋向遵循传统。大部分创造性思想来自于个人的独立工作。
200 "The most elusive knowledge is self-knowledge, and it is usually acquired through solitude, rather than through interaction with others."
200． 最难的莫过于认知自我，通常只能通过独处，而非与他人交往来了解自己。
201 "The purpose of education should be to provide students with a value system, a standard, a set of ideas -- not to prepare them for a specific job."
201． 教育的目的应是给学生提供一个价值系统，标准以及一系列理念，而不是使他们为某一特定工作做好准备。
202 "Unlike great thinkers and great artists, the most effective political leaders must often yield to public opinion and abandon principle for the sake of compromise."
202． 和伟大的思想家、艺术家不同，最有效力的政治领导者必须经常向公众舆论让步，有时为了折衷要放弃原则。
203 "The best way to understand the character of a society is to examine the character of the men and women that the society chooses as its heroes or its heroines."
203． 了解社会特征的最佳方式就是研究那个社会所认为的英雄人物的特征。
204 "We learn through direct experience; to accept a theory without experie ncing it is to learn nothing at all."
204． 我们通过直接经验学习；没有通过实践而接受一个理论是学不到任何东西的。
205 "As societies all over the world have more and more access to new infor mation, the effects on life-long learning can only be positive."
205． 全世界的人有越来越多的途径来获取新信息，这对终身学习只会有积极的推动作用。
206 "People are too quick to take action; instead they should stop to think of the possible consequences of what they might do."
206． 人们行动太快了；他们应该停下来想一想行动的可能后果。
207 "Rituals and ceremonies help define a culture. Without them, societies or groups of people have a diminished sense of who they are."
207． 典礼和仪式有助于确立一种文化，否则人们的社会或群体的角色归属感削弱。
208 "The way people look, dress, and act reveals their attitudes and interests. You can tell much about a society s ideas and values by observing the appearance and behavior of its people."
208． 人们的眼神、衣着和行动表现出他们的态度和兴趣。你可以通过观察人们的外表和行为来获知许多这个社会的思想和价值观。
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209 "Progress is best made through discussion among people who have contras ting points of view."
209． 在持不同意见的人们中展开讨论是进步的最佳方式。
210 "Most people choose a career on the basis of such pragmatic considerations as the needs of the economy, the relative ease of finding a job, and the salary they can expect to make. Hardly anyone is free to choose a career based on his or her natural talents or interest in a particular kind of work."
210． 大多数人找工作是基于实用性的考虑：经济需求、较易找到工作，希望拿到的薪水。很少有人自由地根据自己对某一份工作的才能和兴趣出发去选择职业。
211 "Any decision-whether made by government, by a corporation, or by an in dividual person-must take into account future conditions more than present conditions."
211． 一个决策，不管政府、企业抑或个人做出的，都应该考虑将来的情形多于目前的情形。
212 "If a goal is worthy, then any means taken to attain it is justifiable. "
212． 如果一个目标是值得的，那么追求目标的任何手段都是正当的。
213 "Too much emphasis has been placed on the need for students to challenge the assertions of others. In fact, the ability to compromise and work with others -- that is, the ability to achieve social harmony -- should be a major goal in every school."
213． 学校太强调教学生怎么质疑他人的主张。实际上，培养折衷和与他人合作的能力，也就是促进社会和谐的能力应该被作为每个学校的主要目标。
214 "Society should identify those children who have special talents and abilities and begin training them at an early age so that they can eventually excel in their areas of ability. Otherwise, these talents are likely to remain undeveloped."
214． 社会应该找出那些具有特殊天才和能力的孩子，并在小时候就训练他们，这样他们最终能在此领域表现出众，否则这些潜能可能得不到发展。
215 "The bombardment of visual images in contemporary society has the effect of making people less able to focus clearly and extensively on a single issue over a long period of time."
215． 当今社会视觉影像的爆炸使得人们不能长时间明确且全面地关注某一问题。
216 "Most important discoveries or creations are accidental: it is usually while seeking the answer to one question that we come across the answer to another."
216． 大多数重大发现和发明都是偶然的：通常情况下人们为了某个问题寻找答-案，却在这一过程中找到了另一问题的答-案。
217 "In order to produce successful original work, scholars and scientists must first study the successful work of others to learn what contributions remain to be made."
217． 为了取得成功的原创业绩，学者和科学家必须首先研究那些别人的成功业绩，然后确定还有那些领域存在研究价值。
218 "In order for any work of art -- whether film, literature, sculpture,or a song -- to have merit, it must be understandable to most people." 218． 艺术作品要有价值，不管是电影、文学还是歌曲，都必须让大多数人能够理解。
219 "Now that computer technology has made possible the rapid accessing of large amounts of factual information, people are less likely than ever to think deeply or originally. They feel unable to compete with -- much less contribute to -- the quantity of information that is now available electronically."
219． 现在计算机技术已经使快速地访问大量的信息成为可能，人们已经不像以前那样进行深入和有创造力地思考了。他们感觉无法，也没有意义去和现在可以电子化获取的信息量相比。
220 "The increase in knowledge is forcing people to specialize. As a result , the distance between fields of specialization has become so vast that specialists in different areas are rarely able to influence each other."
220． 知识增长迫使人们将其专业化。结果专业化领域间的跨度非常大，以至不同领域的专家彼此之间很少能够相互影响。
221 "The chief benefit of the study of history is to break down the illusion that people in one period of time are significantly different from people who lived at any other time in history."
221． 研究历史最明显的好处就是消除了这样的错觉，某个时代的人们与历史上另一个时代的人们有重大的差别。
222 "Learning for learning s sake is an outdated concept. Today, education must serve an ulterior purpose and be directed toward clear goals."
222． 为了学习而学习已经是过时的理念。现在的教育必须是面向未来并且有明确的目标。
223 "Education is primarily a personal matter; it has little to do with school or college."
223． 教育主要是个人的事情，与学校或者大学基本没有关系。
224. "Censorship is rarely, if ever, justified."
224． 审查制度很少被证明是正当的。
225. "People often look for similarities, even between very different things , and even when it is unhelpful or harmful to do so. Instead, a thing should be considered on its own terms; we should avoid the tendency to compare it to something else."
225． 人们经常寻找相似处，不管两个事物有多么不同，即便这样做没有意义或是有害的。我们应该就事论事，避免把它拿去和其他事物比较。
226 "People are mistaken when they assume that the problems they confront are more complex and challenging than the problems faced by their predecessors. This illusion is eventually dispelled with increased knowledge and experience."
226． 人们错误地认为他们碰到的问题要比他们前辈碰到的问题更复杂、更具挑战性。这个错觉最终会随着知识和经验的积累消除。
227 "To remain vigorous, any academic field needs to be led by truly independent thinkers who are willing to ignore established boundaries and challenge long-standing assumptions."
227． 为了保持活力，任何学术领域都需要由真正独立的思想者领导，这些人无视传统的束缚，敢于挑战根深蒂固的思想。
228 "The best way to teach -- whether as an educator, employer, or parent -- is to praise positive actions and ignore negative ones."
228． 最佳教育方式，不管是作为一个教育工作者、雇主还是父母，都是表扬积极的行为，忽略负面的行为。
229 "The best way to learn a new subject or skill is to study small segments or details in great depth rather than to start by trying to develop asense of the whole."
229． 学习新学科或技能的最佳方式是深入研究小片断或细节，而不是一开始就试图获取整体的认识。
230 "College students -- and people in general -- prefer to follow directions rather than make their own decisions. Therefore, colleges should eliminate as many choices as possible in order to offer students clear direction."
230． 大学生－还有普通人－都更喜欢跟从指导，而不是做出自己的决定。因此，大学应该尽可能让学生少做选择，给学生提供明确的方向。
231 " Moderation in all things is ill-considered advice. Rather, one should say, Moderation in most things, since many areas of human concern require or at least profit from intense focus."
231． “对所有事情适度”是不正确的建议。而应是“对大多数事情要适度。”因为人们从事的许多领域需要或者至少得益于执着。（这里的适度类似中庸）
232 "The purpose of education should be to create an academic environment that is separate from the outside world. This kind of environment is ideal because it allows students to focus on important ideas without being held back by practical concerns."
232． 教育的目的应该是建立一个与世隔离的学术环境。这种环境是很理想的，因为这样学生们就可以不被日常事务牵扯精力而专注地研究重要问题。
233 "Although innovations such as video, computers, and the Internet seem to offer schools improved methods for instructing students, these technologies all too often distract from real learning."
233． 尽管技术创新，如录像机、计算机以及因特网看似改善了学校的教学方式，但这些技术时常分散真实的学习。
234．"Most people prefer restrictions and regulations to absolute freedom of choice, although they would probably deny such a preference."
234．大多数人更倾向于限制与规则，而不是绝对的自由，虽然他们可能会否认这一点。
235．"Most people are taught that loyalty is a virtue. But loyalty—whether to one s friends, to one s school or place of employment, or to any institution —is all too often a destructive rather than a positive force."
235．大多数人被教育说忠诚是一种美德。但是，忠诚－无论对于朋友、学校、受雇公司或任何机构来说，经常都是一种有害而非积极的力量。
236．"Encouraging young people to believe that they can accomplish great things
if they try hard enough is both misleading and potentially harmful."
236．鼓励年轻人相信如果他们足够努力就能成就伟大的事业，不仅是误导而且可能是有害的。
237．"Computers and video technology can make facsimiles of original works such as paintings and historical documents available to everyone. The great advantage of this new technology is that it will enable anyone—not just scholars—to conduct in-depth research without having access to the original works."
237．计算机以及视频技术可以制作原件的复制品，使得普通人都能接触到绘画或历史文件，此新技术的巨大优点在于它使得每一个人－而不只是学者－能够不接触原件而进行深入的研究。
238．"Conformity almost always leads to a deadening of individual creativity and energy."
238．一致性几乎总是压抑个性化创造和活力。
239．"Much of the information that people assume is factual actually turns out to be inaccurate. Thus, any piece of information referred to as a fact should be mistrusted since it may well be proven false in the future."
239．许多人们认为“真实”的信息结果是不准确的。因此，对任何被称为“事实”的信息都应该此怀疑态度，因为很有可能它将来被证实是虚假的。
240．"Although it is easy to respond positively to the work of another person or group, it is far more worthwhile to give negative feedback."
240．虽然很容易对他人和团体的工作给出肯定的反馈，但是给出否定的反馈更有价值。
241．"An individual s greatness cannot be judged objectively by his or her contemporaries; the most objective evaluators of a person s greatness are people who belong to a later time."
241．个体的伟大成就不能由同时代的人来评判；对于成就最客观的评价者是后来人。
242. "Societies should try to save every plant and animal species, regardless of
the expense to humans in effort, time, and financial well-being."
242．社会应尽力挽救每一动植物物种，不管花费多少人力、时间和财力。
243．"The true value of a civilization is reflected in its artistic creations rather than in its scientific accomplishments."
243． 文明真正的价值反映在它的艺术创作上，而不是科学成就上。
244 "Most societies do not take their greatest thinkers seriously, even when they claim to admire them."
244． 大多数社会并不重视伟大的思想家，即使社会宣称景仰这些思想家。
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