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意大利语知识
作者:未知  文章来源:互联网  点击数  更新时间:2007-05-07  文章录入:admin  责任编辑:admin

 

许多人认为意大利语是世界上最美的语言。作为伟大的文艺复兴文化的媒介,意大利语曾对西欧其它语言起过深刻的影响。意大利语除了通行于意大利之外,还是瑞士四种官方语言之一,它还广泛通行于美国、加拿大、阿根廷和巴西。操意大利语的人数总共约六千万人。

意大利语是一种罗曼语。它比任何其它罗曼语都更接近于原来的拉丁语。然而,它的各种方言之间的差别很大,以至交际都成问题。意大利的标准书面语基本上是通过但丁的《神曲》和皮特拉克以及薄迦丘的作品,在十四世纪才得以形成的。由于这些杰出的作家主要是使用图斯坎尼(特别是弗罗伦萨)方言,所以现代意大利语本质上是图斯坎尼方言。从1870年以来,罗马方言已经取得了相当的地位,但仍然比不上弗罗伦萨标准语的声誉。

意大利语字母表基本上由二十一个字母组成——j,k,w,x和y只在外来词中出现。字母c在a、o和u前发k音,但在e和i 前发ch音(例如:carcere—监牢)。ch和cch也发k音(chiave—钥匙;bicchiere—玻璃)。g在a,o和u前发硬g音(gamba—腿),但在e和i前发j音(giorno—白天)。gg在e和i前也发j音(oggi—今天),gh在e和i前发硬g音(lunghezza—长度),gli后面跟着一个元音时,发“million”中的lli音(biglietto—票),gn发“canyon”中的ny音(ogni—每一个),gu后跟一个元音时,发gw音(guerra—战争)。z和zz一般发ts音(zio—伯叔),prezzo—价格),但有时发dz音(pranzo—正餐,mezzo—中间)。Sc在e和i前发sh音(pesce-鱼)。

意大利语的重音一般落在倒数第二个或第三个音节上。唯一的标音符号是“、”,这个符号在两个音节以上的词的重音落在最后的元音上时使用(città—城市),它也用来区分两个拼写法相同的单音节的词,例如:e,意思是“和”,但是è是“是”的意思。它也用来标各方面的词,例如più(更多的)和già(已经)。

英语中,源于意大利语的词有:umbrella(伞),spaghetti(细条实心面),macaroni(空心面),broccoli(花茎甘蓝),balcony(阳台),volcano(火山),studio(工作室),casino(娱乐场),fresco(壁画),gusto(爱好),lava(熔岩),stucco(拉毛水泥),goudola(狭长的平底船),regatta(划船比赛),malaria(疟疾),bandit(匪帮),incognito(隐藏姓名身份),vendetta(族间血仇),inferno(地狱)。音乐方面的有:piano(钢琴),viola(中提琴),opera(歌剧),sonata(奏鸣曲),concerto(协奏曲),oratorio(清唱剧),soprano(女高音),aria(咏叹调),solo(独唱),trio(三重唱),quartet(四重唱),allegro(快板),andante(行板),tempo(速度),libretto(歌词),staccato(断奏),crescendo(渐强),maestro(庄严地)和virtuoso(演奏能手)。

大不列颠百科全书的定义:

Italian language

Italian ITALIANO, Romance language spoken by some 66,000,000 persons in Italy (including Sicily and Sardinia), France (including Corsica), Switzerland, and other countries. It is spoken by large numbers of emigrants and their descendants in the Americas, especially in the United States, Argentina, and Canada. Written materials in Italian date from the 10th century (a set of court records with the testimony of the witnesses in the Italian vernacular), and the first literary work of length is the Ritmo Laurenziano ("Laurentian Rhythm") of the late 12th century.

Although Italian has a standard literary form, based on the dialect of Florence, the common speech is dialectal or a local variant of standard Italian. The less formal the occasion and the less educated the speaker, the greater the deviation from standard speech; many Italians cannot speak the standard language at all. The following dialect groups are distinguished: Northern Italian, or Gallo-Italian; Venetan, spoken in northeastern Italy; Tuscan (including Corsican); and three related groups from southern and eastern Italy--(1) the dialects of the Marche, Umbria, and Rome, (2) those of Abruzzi, Puglia (Apulia), Naples, Campania, and Lucania, and (3) those of Calabria, Otranto, and Sicily.

The sound system of Italian is quite similar to that of Latin or Spanish. Its grammar is also similar to that of the other modern Romance languages, showing agreement of adjectives and nouns, the use of definite and indefinite articles, loss of noun declension for case, two genders (masculine and feminine), and an elaborate system of perfect and progressive tenses for the verb. The most notable difference between Italian and French or Spanish is that it does not use -s or -es to form the plural of nouns but instead uses -e for most feminine words and -i for masculine words (and some feminine words).


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