|
|
|
רÌâÀ¸Ä¿ |
|
|
Ïà¹ØÎÄÕ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
·½ÑÔÊÇÔõôÐγɵģ¿ |
|
|
·½ÑÔÊÇÔõôÐγɵģ¿ |
|
×÷Õߣºshoeshin¡ ÎÄÕÂÀ´Ô´£º»¥ÁªÍø µã»÷Êý£º ¸üÐÂʱ¼ä£º2008-06-02 01:34:30 |
|
·½ÑÔÊÇÔõôÐγɵģ¿
ÐüÉÍ·Ö£º0 - ½â¾öʱ¼ä£º2006-2-5 23:56
ÌáÎÊÕߣº shoeshine - ÖúÀí ¶þ¼¶
·½ÑÔ
ά»ù°Ù¿Æ£¬×ÔÓɵİٿÆÈ«Êé
Ìøתµ½£º µ¼º½, ËÑË÷
Õâ¸öÌõÄ¿Ëù̽Ìֵķ½ÑÔ£¬½öÏÞÓÚÏÁÒåµÄ·½ÑÔ£¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇËùνµÄ¡°µØÓò·½ÑÔ¡±¡£ÖÁÓÚ¹ãÒåµÄ·½ÑÔ£¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇ°üÀ¨µØÓòÒÔÍâÆäËû²»Í¬ÖÖÀàÖ®ÓïÑÔ±äÌåµÄÌÖÂÛ£¬Çë¼û¡°Éç»á·½ÑÔ¡±ºÍ¡°¸öÈË·½ÑÔ¡±¡£´ËÍ⣬¹ØÓÚÖйúÎ÷ººÊ±ÆÚѧÕßÑïÐÛÃûΪ¡¶·½ÑÔ¡·µÄÖø×÷£¬Çë¼û¡°·½ÑÔ (Öø×÷)¡±Õâ¸öÌõÄ¿¡£
·½ÑÔ×î¼òµ¥µÄ¶¨Òå¾ÍÊÇÖ¸Ò»¸öÌض¨µØÀíÇøÓòÖÐijÖÖÓïÑԵıäÌ塣Ȼ¶ø£¬ÖµµÃ×¢ÒâµÄÊÇ£¬ÔÚ¶ÔËùνµÄ¡°ÓïÑÔ¡±ºÍ¡°·½ÑÔ¡±½øÐж¨Òåʱ£¬ÎÞÂÛÊDzÉÓÃÉç»áÓïÑÔѧÕß¡°Ï໥Àí½âÐÔ(mutual intelligibility)¡±µÄÅбð±ê×¼£¬»òÕßÊÇÀúÊ·ÓïÑÔѧÕß¡°ÀúÊ··¢Õ¹¹Øϵ¡±µÄÅбð±ê×¼£¬ÎÒÃǶ¼Î޿ɱÜÃâµØ»áÅöµ½Ï൱³Ì¶ÈµÄÈÎÒâÐÔºÍÀ§ÄÑÐÔ¡£Òò´Ë£¬¶àÊýÈËͬÒ⣬ÔÚʵ¼Ê²Ù×÷ÉÏ£¬ÅбðÓïÑԺͷ½ÑԵıê×¼ÍùÍùÊÇÕþÖÎÐԵģ¬Èç¹ûijÖÖÓïÑÔÍê³É±ê×¼»¯£¨ÌرðÊÇÊéÃæ±ê×¼»¯£©µÄ³ÌÐò£¬ÎÒÃÇͨ³£½«Æä³Æ֮Ϊ¡°ÓïÑÔ¡±(Æä±¾ÖÊÉÏ¿ÉÒÔ±»ÊÓΪÊÇÒ»ÖÖ¡°±ê×¼»¯·½ÑÔ¡±)£»Èç¹ûijÖÖÓïÑÔûÓÐÍê³ÉÕâ¸ö³ÌÐò£¬ÔòÎÒÃÇͨ³£½«Æä³ÆΪ¡°·½ÑÔ¡±(±¾ÖÊÉÏ¿ÉÒÔ±»ÊÓΪÊÇÒ»ÖÖ¡°·Ç±ê×¼»¯·½ÑÔ¡±)¡£
Ŀ¼ [Òþ²Ø]
1 ¡°·½ÑÔ¡±»ò¡°ÓïÑÔ¡±£¿
2 ÓïÑÔÈËÀàѧµÄ¿´·¨£º½«ÓïÑÔÊÓΪÊdzéÏó¹ÛÄî
3 Éç»áÓïÑÔѧµÄ¿´·¨£ºÏ໥Àí½âÐÔ
3.1 ÓïÑÔ²îÒìµÄÁ¬ÐøÐÔ
3.2 Àí½âµÄ¶¨Òå
3.3 ²»Í¬¸öÌåµÄ²»Í¬Àí½âÄÜÁ¦
4 ÀúÊ·ÓïÑÔѧµÄ¿´·¨£ºÀúÊ··¢Õ¹µÄ¹Øϵ
4.1 »ù±¾¹ÛÄîµÄ»ìÏý
4.2 ºÍ¡°Ï໥Àí½âÐÔ¡±¸ÅÄî²»Ò»¶¨¼æÈÝ
4.3 ÓïÑÔ±äǨµÄ²»Í¬ËÙ¶È
5 ÓÃÕþÖÎÒòËØÀ´Àí½âËùν¡°·½ÑÔ¡±µÄ¸ÅÄî
6 ºÍ¡°·½ÑÔ¡±Ïà¹ØµÄÑо¿ÊéÄ¿¾ÙÓç
7 ²Î¿¼³ö´¦
8 ²Î¿´
9 ÍⲿÁ´½Ó
[±à¼]
¡°·½ÑÔ¡±»ò¡°ÓïÑÔ¡±£¿
Ðí¶àÓïÑÔѧÕßÈÏΪ£¬Ëùν¡°·½ÑÔ¡±ºÍ¡°ÓïÑÔ¡±µÄÇø±ð»ù±¾ÉÏÊÇÈÎÒâµÄ£¬ËäȻһЩÓïÑÔѧÕßÔø¾Ìá³öÖÖÖÖ²»Í¬µÄÅÐ×¼£¬µ«ÊÇ·í´ÌµÄÊÇ£¬ÕâЩ²»Í¬µÄÅÐ׼ȴ³£³£»á²úÉú²»Ò»ÖµĽáÂÛ£¨Ïê¼ûºóÊö£©¡£¶øÔÚʵ¼Ê²Ù×÷ÖУ¬ºÍ¡°·½ÑÔ vs. ÓïÑÔ¡±Ïà¹ØµÄÅжϲ»µ«ÊÇÖ÷¹ÛµÄ£¬¶øÇÒ»ù±¾ÉÏÊÇÓÉÓÚ²»Í¬ÓïÑÔ֮ʹÓÃÕßµÄÕþÖÎȨÁ¦²»Ò»Ö¶øÔì³ÉµÄ¡£Ò»¸ö»òһЩÓïÑÔÖ®ËùÒԻᱻ³Æ֮Ϊ¡°·½ÑÔ¡±£¬Í¨³£ÊÇÓÉÓÚÒÔϵÄÔÒò£º
ÓÉÓÚÕâЩÓïÑÔȱÉÙÊʵ±µÄÊéÃæÓ»òÕßÊÇËäÈ»ÓÐÊéÃæÓ¸ÃÊéÃæÓïÈ´²»±»³ÐÈÏΪ¾ßÓÐÕýµ±ÐÔ£»
ÓÉÓÚÕâЩÓïÑÔµÄʹÓÃÕßûÓÐÊôÓÚ×Ô¼ºµÄ¹ú¼Ò£»
ÓÉÓÚÕâЩÓïÑÔ³¤¾ÃÒÔÀ´±»ÆäËûµÄÓïÑÔËùÆçÊÓ(Wikipedia 2005a)¡£
ÒÔ϶ÔÓïÑÔѧÕß¼¸ÖֱȽϳ£Óõġ°·½ÑÔ vs. ÓïÑÔ¡±Åбð·½Ê½½øÐÐÌÖÂÛ£¬²¢½øÒ»²½Ö¸³öÕâЩÅÐ×¼ÔÚʵ¼ÊÓ¦ÓÃÉϵÄÀ§ÄÑ¡£ÔÚÕâÖÖÇé¿öÏ£¬ËƺõÒÔ¡°ÕþÖÎÒòËØ¡±À´½âÊͺÎν¡°ÓïÑÔ¡±£¬ºÎν¡°·½ÑÔ¡±£¬¾Í±ä³ÉÊDZȽϾß˵·þÁ¦µÄ˵·¨ÁË¡£
[±à¼]
ÓïÑÔÈËÀàѧµÄ¿´·¨£º½«ÓïÑÔÊÓΪÊdzéÏó¹ÛÄî
¶ÔÓïÑÔÈËÀàѧµÄѧÕ߶øÑÔ£¬·½ÑÔÊÇÖ¸¡°Ä³¸ö¿ÚÓïÉçȺ(speech community)ËùʹÓÃ֮ijÖÖÌض¨ÐÎʽµÄÓïÑÔ¡±(Wikipedia 2005a)¡£Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵£¬Ïà¶ÔÓÚ¡°·½ÑÔ¡±¶øÑÔ£¬¡°ÓïÑÔ¡±ÊÇÒ»¸ö³éÏóµÄ¸ÅÄî¡£ËùÓеÄÈËÔÚ¿ÚÍ·ÉÏËùʹÓõĶ¼ÊÇijÖÖ¡°·½ÑÔ¡±£¬¶ø²»ÊÇ¡°ÓïÑÔ¡±¡£
ÊÂʵÉÏ£¬ÔÚÏÖ´úijЩÉç»áÖУ¬ÈËÃÇ»áÈËΪµØÖƶ¨ËùνµÄ¡°Ãñ×干ͬÓ»ò¡°¹Ù·½ÓïÑÔ¡±¡£È»¶ø£¬ÖµµÃ×¢ÒâµÄÊÇ£¬ÕâЩ¡°Ãñ×干ͬÓ»ò¡°¹Ù·½ÓïÑÔ¡±Ò²ÊÇÒÔijһÖÖ·½ÑÔΪ»ù´¡¶ø²úÉúµÄ£¬ÔÚ±¾ÖÊÉÏÒ²¿ÉÒÔ±»ÊÓΪÊÇÒ»ÖÖ·½ÑÔ¡£ÒÔÖйúËùʹÓõġ°ÆÕͨ»°¡±ÎªÀý£¬ÖйúµÄÓïÑÔѧÕßÖÜÕñº×ºÍÓÎÈê½Ü(1986£¬5)¾ÍÕâÑù±íʾ£º¡°ÇÒ²»¹Ü´ó¶àÊýÈËËù˵µÄÆÕͨ»°¶¼ÊÇ´øÓз½ÑÔÌØÕ÷µÄ£¬¾ÍÊDZê×¼µÄÆÕͨ»°Ò²ÊÇ¡®ÒÔ±±¾©ÓïÒôΪ±ê×¼Òô£¬ÒÔ±±·½»°Îª»ù´¡·½ÑÔ¡¯µÄ¡£±±¾©»°ºÍ±±·½»°µ±È»Ò²ÊÇ·½ÑÔ¡±¡£
[±à¼]
Éç»áÓïÑÔѧµÄ¿´·¨£ºÏ໥Àí½âÐÔ
Ò»°ãÀ´½²£¬¶àÊýµÄÓïÑÔѧÕß»áÊÔÖøÒÀÑ°Éç»áÓïÑÔѧµÄ¶¨Ò壬½«¡°Ï໥Àí½âÐÔ¡±ÊÓΪÊÇÅжϡ°·½ÑÔ¡±»ò¡°ÓïÑÔ¡±Ê±×îÖØÒªµÄÒ»¸öÅÐ×¼¡£¼òµ¥À´½²£¬Èç¹ûÒ»¸öÈË»áʹÓÃAÓïÑÔ£¬ÔÚ²»ÓÃÁíÍâ½Ìµ¼µÄÇé¿öÏ£¬Ëý/ËûÒ²¿ÉÒÔÁ˽âBÓïÑԵĻ°£¬ÄÇ÷ᣬÕâ¸öBÓïÑԾͿÉÒÔ±»ÊÓΪÊÇAÓïÑԵķ½ÑÔ£¬»òÕßAÓïÑÔ¿ÉÒÔ±»ÊÓΪÊÇBÓïÑԵķ½ÑÔ¡£»¹ÓÐÁíÍâÒ»ÖÖ¿ÉÄÜ£¬¾ÍÊÇAÓïÑÔºÍBÓïÑÔ¶¼±»ÊÓΪÊÇÁíÒ»¸öCÓïÑԵķ½ÑÔ£¬¶øCÓïÑÔÔò±»³Æ֮Ϊ¡°ÓïÑÔ¡±¡£Ïà·´µØ£¬Èç¹ûʹÓÃAÓïÑÔµÄÈËÎÞ·¨Á˽âBÓïÑԵĻ°£¬ÄÇ÷ᣬAÓïÑÔºÍBÓïÑÔ¾ÍÊDz»Í¬µÄ¡°ÓïÑÔ¡±£¬¶ø²»ÊÇ¡°·½ÑÔ¡±(Terralingua nd)¡£
Õâ¸ö¶¨ÒåËäÈ»¿´ÆðÀ´¼òµ¥Ã÷È·£¬µ«ÊÇÔÚʵ¼ÊÓ¦ÓÃÉÏÈ´Ò²Óв»ÉÙÀ§ÄÑ£¬ÒÔÏÂÁоÙһЩÀý×Ó¡£
[±à¼]
ÓïÑÔ²îÒìµÄÁ¬ÐøÐÔ
¡°Ï໥Àí½âÐÔ¡±¸ÅÄîµÄµÚÒ»¸öÄÑÌâÔÚÓÚ¡°ÓïÑÔ²îÒìµÄÁ¬ÐøÐÔ¡±¡£±ÈÈç˵£¬AÓïÑÔµÄʹÓÃÕßÁ˽âBÓïÑÔ£¬BÓïÑÔµÄʹÓÃÕßÁ˽âCÓïÑÔ£¬CÓïÑÔµÄʹÓÃÕßÁ˽âDÓïÑÔ¡£È»¶ø£¬AÓïÑÔµÄʹÓÃÕßÈ´²»Á˽âCÓïÑÔ£¬¶øBÓïÑÔµÄʹÓÃÕßÒ²²»Á˽âDÓïÑÔ¡£ÄÇ÷ᣬÕâËĸöÓïÑԵĹØϵµ½µ×ÊÇʲôÄØ£¿ÎÒÃÇÓÖÓ¦¸ÃÔÚÄÄÀï»®ÉÏ¡°ÓïÑÔ¡±ºÍ¡°·½ÑÔ¡±µÄ½çÏßÄØ£¿Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵£¬²»Í¬¡°ÓïÑÔ¡±Ö®¼äµÄ²îÒìÐÔ»ù±¾ÉÏÊÇÒ»¸öÁ¬ÐøÌ壬²¢²»´æÔÚÒ»ÌõÃ÷Îú¶ø¿ÉÒÔÒ»µ¶Á½¶ÏµÄ½çÏß¡£ÓïÑÔѧ¼Òͨ³£½«ÕâÖÖÏÖÏó³Æ֮Ϊ¡°·½ÑÔÁ¬ÐøÐÔ(Dialect Continuum)¡±(¼ûWikipedia 2005b)¡£
´ËÍ⣬Èç¹ûÊÇAÓïÑÔµÄʹÓÃÕßÁ˽âBÓïÑÔ£¬¶øBÓïÑÔµÄʹÓÃÕßÈ´²»Á˽âAÓïÑԵĻ°£¬ÄÇ÷ᣬÎÒÃÇÊÇÓ¦µ±ÒÔAÓïÑÔµÄʹÓÃÕßµ±×÷±ê×¼£¬¶ø½«ÕâÁ½¸öÓïÑԵĹØϵÊÓΪÊÇ¡°·½ÑÔºÍÓïÑÔ¡±£¬»¹ÊÇÒªÒÀÕÕBÓïÑÔʹÓÃÕߵıê×¼£¬¶ø½«ÕâÁ½¸öÓïÑÔÊÓΪÊDz»Í¬µÄ¡°ÓïÑÔ¡±ÄØ£¿(Terralingua nd)
[±à¼]
Àí½âµÄ¶¨Òå
ÔÙÕߣ¬¡°Ï໥Àí½âÐÔ¡±Õâ¸öÓï»ã±¾Éí¾Í²»ÊÇÊ®·ÖÈÝÒ׶¨ÒåµÄÒ»¸ö¸ÅÄî¡£µ½µ×ʲô½Ð×ö¡°Àí½â¡±ÄØ£¿±ÈÈç˵£¬Èç¹ûAÓïÑÔºÍBÓïÑÔʹÓÃÕßÖ»ÄܽøÐС°°ë¹µÍ¨(semi-comunication)¡±µÄ»°£¬ÄÇ÷ᣬÕâËã²»ËãÊÇÀí½âÄØ£¿ÔÙ±ÈÈç˵£¬AÓïÑÔµÄʹÓÃÕß¿ÉÒÔÔÚ¿ÚÓïÉÏÀí½âBÓïÑÔ£¬µ«È´ÎÞ·¨Àí½âBÓïÑÔµÄÊéÃæÓÄÇ÷ᣬÕâÓÖËã²»ËãÀí½âÄØ£¿Ïà·´µØ£¬Èç¹ûAÓïÑÔµÄʹÓÃÕß¿ÉÒÔÔÚÊéÃæÓïÉÏÀí½âBÓïÑÔ£¬µ«È´ÎÞ·¨Àí½âBÓïÑԵĿÚÓÄÇ÷ᣬÕâÒ²ËãÊÇÀí½âÂð£¿(Terralingua nd)
ÒÔʹÓ÷ÒÀ¼ÓïµÄÈËÀ´½²£¬ÓÉÓÚÈðµäÓïÊÇ·ÒÀ¼¹«Á¢Ñ§Ð£Ëù½Ìµ¼µÄÒ»¸ö¿ÆÄ¿£¬ËùÓеķÒÀ¼ÈË»ù±¾É϶¼¶®ÈðµäÓÒò´ËËûÃÇÒ²¿ÉÒÔ¶Á¶®Ò»Ð©µ¤ÂóÓȻ¶ø£¬ËûÃÇÈ´ÔÚ¿ÚÍ·ÉÏÍêÈ«ÎÞ·¨Àí½âµ¤ÂóÓï¡£ËùÒÔ£¬ÒÔ·ÒÀ¼È˵ıê×¼À´¿´£¬ÎÒÃÇÄѵÀÓ¦¸ÃÐû³Æµ¤Âó¿ÚÓïºÍÈðµä¿ÚÓïÊDz»Ò»ÑùµÄ¡°ÓïÑÔ¡±£¬µ«Êǵ¤ÂóÊéÃæÓïÈ´ÊÇÈðµäÊéÃæÓïµÄ¡°·½ÑÔ¡±Âð£¿(Terralingua nd)
[±à¼]
²»Í¬¸öÌåµÄ²»Í¬Àí½âÄÜÁ¦
´ËÍ⣬ʹÓÃͬһ¸öÓïÑԵIJ»Í¬¸öÌ壬ÆäʵҲӵÓв»¾¡È»ÏàͬµÄ¡°Àí½âÄÜÁ¦¡±¡£±ÈÈç˵£¬Ò»¸öÈËÈç¹û¾ß±¸¶àÓïÄÜÁ¦£¬ºÍÖ»¾ß±¸µ¥Ò»ÓïÑÔÄÜÁ¦µÄÈËÏà±È£¬Ëý/Ëû¿ÉÄÜÔÚÀí½âûÕýʽѧ¹ýµÄÓïÑÔÉÏ£¬¾ÍÓµÓиüºÃµÄ»ú»á¿ÉÒÔÀí½âÆäËûÓïÑÔ¡£Terralingua(nd)ÒÔÒ»¸öûÕýʽѧ¹ýºÉÀ¼Óï¡¢µ«È´¶®ÆäËûÁùÖÖÓ¡Å·ÓïϵÓïÑÔ(µ¤ÂóÓï¡¢Ó¢Óï¡¢µÂÓï¡¢À¶¡ÎÄ¡¢Å²ÍþÓï¡¢ÈðµäÓï)µÄѧÕßΪÀý£¬ÓÉÓÚ¾«Í¨¶àÖÖÓïÑԵĹØϵ£¬Õâ¸öѧÕßËäÈ»ÍêȫûÓÐѧ¹ýºÉÀ¼Óȴ¶àÉÙ¿ÉÒÔÀí½âЩÐíºÉÀ¼Óï¡£ÄÇ÷ᣬÎÒÃÇÊDz»ÊÇÓ¦¸Ã˵£¬¶ÔÓÚÖ»¶®ÈðµäÓïµÄÈ˶øÑÔ£¬ºÉÀ¼ÓïÊÇÁíÍâµÄÒ»ÖÖ¡°ÓïÑÔ¡±£¬µ«ÊÇ£¬¶ÔÕâ¸öѧÕ߶øÑÔ£¬ºÉÀ¼ÓïÈ´ÊÇÈðµäÓï¡¢µÂÓï»òÕßÊÇÓ¢ÓïµÄ¡°·½ÑÔ¡±ÄØ£¿£¬
ÊÂʵÉÏ£¬³ýÁËÉÏÊöÕâÈý¸öÂÛµãÒÔÍ⣬ÎÒÃÇ»¹¿ÉÒÔ¾Ù¸ü¶àµÄÀý×ÓÀ´ÌôÕ½¡°Ï໥Àí½âÐÔ¡±Õâ¸ö¸ÅÄîµÄÊÊÓÃÐÔ¡£ÎÒÃÇËùÒªÖ¸³öµÄÊÇ£¬Óá°¿ÉÀí½âÐÔ¡±À´Çø±æÓïÑԺͷ½ÑÔ£¬ÔÚʵ¼Ê²Ù×÷ÉÏÊdzäÂúÀ§Äѵġ£
[±à¼]
ÀúÊ·ÓïÑÔѧµÄ¿´·¨£ºÀúÊ··¢Õ¹µÄ¹Øϵ
ÓкܶàÀúÊ·ÓïÑÔѧÕߣ¬ÔòÊÇ´ÓÀúÊ··¢Õ¹µÄ½Ç¶ÈÖøÊÖ£¬½«¡°´Óij¸öÀúÊ·ÉϱȽϾÃÔ¶Ö®¹µÍ¨Ã½½é·¢Õ¹³öÀ´µÄ¿ÚÓïÐÎʽ(speech form ¡ of the older medium of communication from which it developed)¡±³Æ֮Ϊ¡°·½ÑÔ¡±¡£±ÈÈç˵£¬ÒÔÕâÖÖ¹Ûµã¶øÑÔ£¬ÊôÓÚÈÕ¶ûÂüÓï×åµÄÓïÑԾͱ»ÊÓΪÊÇ¡°À¶¡ÓµÄ·½ÑÔ£¬¶øÏÖ´úÏ£À°ÓïÔò±»ÊÓΪÊÇ¡°¹ÅÏ£À°ÓµÄ·½ÑÔ(Wikipedia 2005a)¡£È»¶ø£¬ÕâÖÖ¶¨ÒåÒ²»áÔâÓöµ½²»ÉÙÄÑÌ⣬ÒÔÏÂÊÇһЩ»ù±¾µÄÌÖÂÛ¡£
[±à¼]
»ù±¾¹ÛÄîµÄ»ìÏý
µÚÒ»¸öÄÑÌâÊÇ»ù±¾¹ÛÄîµÄ»ìÏý¡£´ÓÕâÖÖ¹ÛµãÀ´¿´£¬¼ÙÉèAÓïÑÔϵÑÜÉú×ÔBÓïÑÔ£¬¶øBÓïÑÔÓÖÊÇÑÜÉú×ÔCÓïÑԵĻ°£¬ÄÇ÷ᣬÒÔBÓïÑÔΪÀý£¬ËäÈ»Ëý¶ÔAÓïÑÔ¶øÑÔÊÇÒ»ÖÖ¡°ÓïÑÔ¡±£¬¶øAÓïÑÔÔòÊÇÒ»ÖÖ¡°·½ÑÔ¡±£»µ«ÊÇ£¬BÓïÑÔȴҲͬʱÊÇCÓïÑԵġ°·½ÑÔ¡±£¬¶øCÓïÑÔÔòÊÇÒ»ÖÖ¡°ÓïÑÔ¡±¡£ÕâÖÖ²Ù×÷·½ÏÔÈ»»áÈÃÕû¸ö¸ÅÄîϵͳ±äµÃ¸´ÔÓ¶ø»ìÏý²»Çå(Wikipedia 2005a)¡£
[±à¼]
ºÍ¡°Ï໥Àí½âÐÔ¡±¸ÅÄî²»Ò»¶¨¼æÈÝ
ÔÙÕߣ¬ÒÔ¡°ÀúÊ··¢Õ¹¹Øϵ¡±µ±×÷±ê×¼Ëù½ç¶¨³öÀ´µÄ¡°ÓïÑÔ¡±ºÍ¡°·½ÑÔ¡±£¬Æä±Ë´ËÖ®¼äÈ´²»Ò»¶¨¾ß±¸Éç»áÓïÑÔѧÕßËùÇ¿µ÷µÄ¡°Ï໥Àí½âÐÔ¡±¡£Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵£¬ÔÚ½«¡°³Ð´«¹Øϵ¡±ÊÓΪÊÇÅбðÓïÑÔ»ò·½ÑÔÖ®Ö÷ÖáµÄʱºò£¬×÷Ϊ¡°×ÓÓïÑÔ¡±µÄ¡°·½ÑÔ¡±£¬ºÍ×÷Ϊ¡°Ä¸ÓïÑÔ¡±µÄ¡°ÓïÑÔ¡±Ö®¼ä£¬È´²»Ò»¶¨¾ßÓС°Ï໥Àí½âÐÔ¡±(Wikipedia 2005a)¡£
[±à¼]
ÓïÑÔ±äǨµÄ²»Í¬ËÙ¶È
×îºó£¬Ò»¸ö¡°ÓïÑÔ¡±ÓпÉÄÜ»áͬʱ²úÉúÒ»¸öÒÔÉϵġ°·½ÑÔ¡±£¬¶øÕâЩ¡°·½ÑÔ¡±ÓÖ¸÷×ÔÓв»Í¬µÄ±ä»¯Ëٶȡ£ÔÚÕâÖÖÇé¿öÏ£¬Ò»¸öºÜ¿ÉÄܳöÏÖµÄÇéÐÎÊÇ£¬Ä³Á½¸öÀúÊ··¢Õ¹¹ØϵÉϱȽϲ»Ç×½üµÄ¡°·½ÑÔ¡±(¸ù¾ÝÀúÊ·ÓïÑÔѧÕߵĶ¨Òå)£¬ËýÃÇÁ½ÕßÖ®¼äµÄ¡°Ï໥Àí½âÐÔ¡±£¬¾¹È»±ÈËýÃǺÍÆäËûÀúÊ··¢Õ¹¹ØϵÉϱȽÏÇ×½üÖ®¡°·½ÑÔ¡±µÄ¡°Ï໥Àí½âÐÔ¡±»¹Òª¸ß¡£ÒÔͬÊôÓÚÂÞÂüÓïÖ§(Romance)µÄÒâ´óÀûÓï¡¢Î÷°àÑÀÓïºÍ·¨ÓïΪÀý¡£Òâ´óÀûÓïºÍÎ÷°àÑÀÓïÖ®¼äµÄÏàËÆÐÔ£¬¾Í±ÈËýÃǺͷ¨ÓïÖ®¼äµÄÏàËÆÐԸߵö࣬ËäÈ»´ÓÀúÊ··¢Õ¹µÄ½Ç¶ÈÀ´¿´£¬ÎÞÂÛÊÇÒâ´óÀûÓïºÍ·¨ÓïÖ®¼äµÄ¹Øϵ£¬»òÕßÊÇÎ÷°àÑÀÓïºÍ·¨ÓïÖ®¼äµÄ¹Øϵ£¬¶¼±ÈÒâ´óÀûÓïºÍÎ÷°àÑÀÓïÖ®¼äµÄ¹ØϵҪÃÜÇеĶࡣÔì³ÉÕâÖÖÏÖÏóµÄÔÒò£¬ÕýÊÇ·¨ÓïÔÚÀúÊ·Éϱ仯µÄËٶȱȽϿ죬¶øÒâ´óÀûÓïºÍÎ÷°àÑÀÓïµÄ±ä»¯ËٶȱȽÏÂý£¬ËùÒÔËýÃÇÁ½ÕßÖ®¼ä·´¶øÓµÓиü¶à¹²ÏíµÄÓï»ã(Wikipedia 2005a)¡£
[±à¼]
ÓÃÕþÖÎÒòËØÀ´Àí½âËùν¡°·½ÑÔ¡±µÄ¸ÅÄî
ÓïÑÔ¾ÍÊÇÓµÓн¾üºÍº£¾üµÄ·½ÑÔ¡£ --- Max Weinreich (Òý×ÔWikipedia 2005a)
Èç¹û˵£¬ÎÞÂÛÊÇ¡°Ï໥Àí½âÐÔ¡±»òÕßÊÇ¡°ÀúÊ··¢Õ¹¹Øϵ¡±£¬¶¼ÎÞ·¨Çå³þµØ»®³ö¡°·½ÑÔ¡±ºÍ¡°ÓïÑÔ¡±Ö®½çÏߵĻ°£¬ÄÇ÷ᣬ¸ù¾Ý¶àÊýÓïÑÔѧÕߵĹ²Ê¶£¬Ôì³ÉÕâÌõ½çÏߵĸù±¾ÔÒò£¬²¢²»ÊÇÔÚÓïÑÔ¡°±¾Éí¡±£¬¶øÊÇÓïÑÔÒÔÍâµÄÆäËûÕþÖκÍÉç»áÒòËØ¡£ÔÚÇø±ð¡°·½ÑÔ¡±ºÍ¡°ÓïÑÔ¡±Ê±£¬ÆäÖÐ×îÖØÒªµÄÒ»¸öÒòËØ£¬ÊǸÃÓïÑԵġ°±ê×¼»¯(standardization)¡±³Ì¶È¡£Èç¹ûijÖÖ·½ÑÔÔø¾±»ÊéÃ滯(Õâͨ³£ÊDZê×¼»¯µÄÇ°Ìá)¹ý¡¢¶øÇÒÒѾ´ï³ÉÒ»¶¨³Ì¶ÈÖ®±ê×¼»¯µÄ»°£¬ÎÒÃǾͽ«Æä³Æ֮Ϊ¡°ÓïÑÔ¡±(Terralingua nd)¡£
Peter Trudgill ¾ÍÔø¾ÕâÑùÐû³Æ£¬¶ÔËû¶øÑÔ£¬¡°ÓïÑÔ¡±¾ÍÊÇ¡°Ò»ÖÖ¶ÀÁ¢µÄ¡¢±ê×¼»¯µÄ±äÌå ¡¡£¬¶øÇÒÓÐËýÃÇ×Ô¼ºµÄÉúÃü(independent, standardized varieties ... with, as it were, a life of their own)¡±(Òý×ÔTerralingua nd)¡£ÒÔÕâÖÖ±ê×¼À´¿´£¬Õâ¸öÊÀ½çÉ϶àÊýµÄ¼È´æÓïÑÔ£¬¿ÉÄܶ¼ÎÞ·¨±»³Æ֮ΪÊÇÒ»ÖÖÓïÑÔ¡£ÊÂʵÉÏ£¬ÔÚÊÀ½çÉϵÄÿһ¸ö½ÇÂ䣬Æäʵ¶¼´æÔÚÖøºÜ¶à¿ÉÄܱä³É¡°ÓïÑÔ¡±µÄ·½ÑÔ¡£È»¶ø£¬Èç¹ûÂÛ¼°ÀúÊ··¢Õ¹µÄÏÖʵ£¬ÎÒÃÇÈ´·¢ÏÖµ½¶àÊýµÄÓïÑÔ¶¼Ã»ÓÐÍê³ÉÕâ¸ö±ê×¼»¯µÄ³ÌÐò£¬¶ø±»È˳Æ֮Ϊ¡°·½ÑÔ¡±¡£Ïà·´µØ£¬Ö»ÓÐijЩÌض¨µÄÓïÑÔ±»Ä³Ð©ÈË¿ÌÒâÑ¡È¡³öÀ´£¬¶ø³ÉΪËùνµÄ¡°ÓïÑÔ¡±¡£ÄÇ÷ᣬÎÒÃÇÓ¦¸ÃÈçºÎ½âÊÍÕâÖÖÀúÊ··¢Õ¹µÄÏÖÏóÄØ£¿ÎªÊ²Ã´Ä³Ð©ÓïÑÔ×îºó±ä³É¡°ÓïÑÔ¡±¶øijЩÓïÑÔ×îºó±ä³É¡°·½ÑÔ¡±ÄØ£¿Terralingua (nd)ÕýÈ·µØÌáÐÑÎÒÃÇ£¬ÎÒÃÇÓ¦¸ÃҪ׷ÎÊÊÇËÔÚ´ÓÊÂÕâЩ±ê×¼»¯µÄ¹¤×÷£¿ÊÇË´ÓÕâЩ±ê×¼»¯µÄ¹¤×÷ÖлñµÃºÃ´¦£¿´ð°¸ºÜÃ÷ÏÔ£¬ÕýÊÇÄÇЩݼӢ¡¢¹ú¼Ò»úÆ÷µÄ½¨¹¹Õß¡¢ÒÔ¼°½Ì»á´ú±í¡£ÕýÊÇÕâЩÈ˵ÄÑ¡Ôñ£¬¾ö¶¨ÁËÒ»¸öÓïÑÔÊDZ»³Æ֮Ϊ¡°ÓïÑÔ¡±»òÕßÊÇ¡°·½ÑÔ¡±¡£
Òò´Ë£¬Ëùν¡°·½ÑÔ¡±»ò¡°ÓïÑÔ¡±µÄ·ÖÀ࣬Æäʵ·´Ó³µÄ²»ÊÇÓïÑÔ±¾ÉíµÄÓÅÁÓ£¬¶øÊÇÓïÑÔʹÓÃÕßµÄÏà¶ÔÕþÖÎȨÁ¦¡£Ò»¸öÓïÑÔÖ®ËùÒÔ±»³Æ֮Ϊ¡°ÓïÑÔ¡±£¬ÄÇÊÇÒòΪʹÓÃÕâ¸öÓïÑÔµÄÈËÕÆÎÕÁËÕþÖξö²ßµÄȨÁ¦¡£Ïà·´µØ£¬Ò»¸öÓïÑÔÖ®ËùÒÔ±»³Æ֮Ϊ¡°·½ÑÔ¡±£¬ÄÇÊÇÒòΪʹÓÃÕâ¸öÓïÑÔµÄÈ˱»°þ¶áÁ˱ê×¼»¯ÆäÓïÑÔµÄȨÁ¦¡£¾ÍÏñMax WeinreichËùÐû³ÆµÄ¡°ÓïÑÔ¾ÍÊÇÓµÓн¾üºÍº£¾üµÄ·½ÑÔ¡±Ò»Ñù£¬Terralingua(nd)Ò²ÓÃÀàËƵķ½Ê½¶Ô¡°ÓïÑÔ¡±Ï¶¨Ò壺¡°ÓïÑÔ¾ÍÊÇÓµÓйú½çµÄ·½ÑÔ¡±¡¢¡°ÓïÑÔ¾ÍÊÇݼӢËùÍÆÏúµÄ·½ÑÔ¡±¡£
[±à¼]
ºÍ¡°·½ÑÔ¡±Ïà¹ØµÄÑо¿ÊéÄ¿¾ÙÓç
(°´ÕÕ×÷ÕßÐÕÊϺºÓïÆ´Òô˳ÐòÅÅÁУ»Ö»ÊÕÈëרÊ飬²»ÊÕÈëÊ鼮ƪÕ¼°ÆÚ¿¯ÂÛÎÄ)
Britain, David, and Jenny Cheshire. eds. 2003. Social Dialectology: In Honour of Peter Trudgill. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub.
Campbell, Lyle. 1998. Historical Linguistics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Cheshire, Jenny, and Dieter Stein. eds. 1997. Taming the Vernacular: From Dialect to Written Standard Language. 2nd ed. New York: Longman.
Escure, Genevieve. 1997. Creole and Dialect Continua: Standard Acquisition Processes in Belize and China (PRC). Amsterdam: J. Benjamins.
¹ã»§¶Ø£¬1986£¬·½ÑÔÓï»ã¤ÎÑо¿£ºÑÔÓïµØÀíѧ¤È¹úÓïÊ·¤È¤Î½Óµã¤òÇó¤á¤Æ¡£¶«¾©¶¼£º·ç¼äÊé·¿¡£
ºëÎĸó±à¼Êұ༣¬1986-1987£¬·½ÑÔѧÑо¿ÂÛÎļ¯¡£ÈÕ±¾ËàÖëÌرðÊУººëÎĸó¡£
»Æ½ðÎÄ£¬2001£¬·½ÑÔ½Ó´¥ÓëÃö±±·½ÑÔÑݱ䡣̨±±£º¹úÁ¢Ì¨Íå´óѧ³ö°æίԱ»á¡£
Kortmann, Bernd. eds. 2004. Dialectology Meets Typology: Dialect Grammar from a Cross-linguistic Perspective. New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
ÀîÈçÁú£¬1996£¬·½ÑÔÓëÒôÔÏÂÛ¼¯¡£Ïã¸Û£ºÏã¸ÛÖÐÎÄ´óѧÖйúÎÄ»¯Ñо¿Ëù¡£
ÁÖÓïÌõÈÖø£¬1975£¬·½ÑÔרºÅ£º¹úÁ¢ÖÐɽ´óѧÓïÑÔÀúʷѧÑо¿ËùÖÜ¿¯¡£Ì¨±±£º¶«·½ÎÄ»¯Êé¾Ö¡£
Linn, Michael D. eds. 1998. Handbook of Dialects and Language Variation. 2nd ed. San Diego: Academic Press.
Romaine, Suzanne. 1994. Language in Society: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
van Leuvensteijn, J. A., and Johannes Bernardus Berns. eds. 1992. Dialect and Standard Language: In the English, Dutch, German, and Norwegian Language Areas: Seventeen Studies in English or German. Amsterdam: Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Wolfram, Walt, Carolyn Temple Adger, and Donna Christian. 1999. Dialects in Schools and Communities. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
Wolfram, Walt, and Donna Christian. 1989. Dialects and Education: Issues and Answers. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall.
[±à¼]
²Î¿¼³ö´¦
(°´ÕÕ×÷ÕßÐÕÊϺºÓïÆ´Òô˳ÐòÅÅÁÐ)
Terralingua. nd. Language or Dialect? [online]. np: Terralingua, [cited 26 February 2005]. Available from World Wide Web: [1].
Wikipedia. 2005a. Dialect [online]. np: Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, 24 February [cited 26 February 2005]. Available from World Wide Web: [2].
Wikipedia. 2005b. Dialect Continuum [online]. np: Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, 4 February [cited 26 February 2005]. Available from World Wide Web: [3].
ÖÜÕñº×¡¢ÓÎÈê½Ü£¬1986£¬·½ÑÔÓëÖйúÎÄ»¯¡£ÉϺ££ºÉϺ£ÈËÃñ³ö°æÉç¡£
[±à¼]
²Î¿´
·½ÑÔѧ
ÓïÑÔ
Éç»á·½ÑÔ
¸öÈË·½ÑÔ
±ê×¼»¯ÓïÑÔ(±ê×¼»¯·½ÑÔ)
ººÓï·½ÑÔ
[±à¼]
ÍⲿÁ´½Ó
Terralingua£ºLanguage or Dialect?
È¡×Ô"http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80"
Ò³Ãæ·ÖÀà: ÓïÑÔ | ·½ÑÔ ²Î¿¼×ÊÁÏ£ºhttp://wikipedia.cnblog.org/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80
»Ø´ðÕߣºmozartcat - ħ·¨Ê¦ Ëļ¶ 1-21 21:15
ÌáÎÊÕ߶ÔÓڴ𰸵ÄÆÀ¼Û£º
thx
• |
ÎÒ¹úµÄ·½ÑÔÊÇÔõôÐγɵģ¿ÆäËû¹ú¼ÒÒ²Óз½ÑÔÂ𣿠| • |
·½ÑÔÊÇÔõôÐγɵģ¿ÖйúÔõôÓÐÄÇô¶àµÄ·½ÑÔ£¿ | • |
·½ÑÔÊÇÈçºÎÐγɵÄ? | • |
·½ÑÔÊÇÔõÑùÐγɵģ¿ | • |
ÉϺ£·½ÑÔÊÇÔõÑùÐÎ³ÉµÄ |
| ¸ü¶àÏà¹ØÎÊÌâ>> |
²é¿´Í¬Ö÷ÌâÎÊÌ⣺·½ÑÔ |
µØÓò·½ÑÔºÍÉç»á·½ÑÔÊÇÔõÑùÐγɵģ¿ËüÃǵÄÖ÷ÒªÇø±ðÊÇʲô£¿
·½ÑÔÊÇÈ«ÃñÓïÑԵĵط½±äÌ壬¸÷·½ÑÔÖ®¼ä²¢Î´Õ¶¶ÏÒ»ÇÐÁªÏµ£¬ËûÃǵĻù±¾´Ê»ãºÍÓï·¨¹¹Ôì»ù±¾ÉÏ»¹ÊÇÏàͬµÄ¡£
Éç»áµÄ·¢Õ¹ÍùÍùÔì³ÉÉç»áÄÚ²¿½øÒ»²½µÄ·Ö¹¤£¬ÕâÑù£¬Í¬Ò»·Ö¹¤µÄÈËȺÔÚÓïÑÔ½»¼ÊÉϾ;ßÓÐijһÉçÍŵÄÌØÕ÷£¬²úÉúÁËÓïÑÔ·ÖÖ§»òÕßÓïÑÔ±äÌ壬Õâ¾ÍÊÇÉç»á·½ÑÔ¡£Éç»áµÄ·¢Õ¹ÍùÍù»¹°éËæ×ÅÈËȺÉú»îµØÓòµÄÀ©Õ¹»òÕßǨÒÆ£¬ÕâÑù£¬ÔÀ´ÊÇͬһÖÖÓïÑÔµÄÓïÑÔȺÂ䣬ÓÉÓÚµØÓòµÄ±ä¸ü£¬Ä³Ò»µØÓòµÄÓïÑÔ±äÌå¾Í»á¸úÔÀ´µÄÓïÑÔÖð½¥ÓÐÁ˲î¾à£¬¸÷µØÓòÖ®¼äµÄÓïÑÔ±äÌåÓÐÁË×Ô¼ºµÄÎȶ¨ÐÔ£¬¾Í²úÉúÁ˵ØÓò·½ÑÔ¡£·½ÑÔ²îÒìÊÇÓïÑÔÑݱ䲻ƽºâÐÔµÄÖØÒªÌåÏÖ£¬ÕâÖÖ²»Æ½ºâÊÇÖ¸ÔÚ²»Í¬ÓïÑÔÉçÍÅÖнøÕ¹ËٶȿìÂýµÄ²»Í¬¡£
µØÓò·½ÑÔºÍÉç»á·½ÑÔ¶¼ÊÇËæ×ÅÉç»á·Ö»¯¶ø·Ö»¯£¬ÊÇÉç»á·Ö»¯µÄ°éËæÏÖÏó¡£
¶þÕßµÄÖ÷ÒªÇø±ðÔÚÓÚ£º
£¨1£©·¶Î§²»Í¬¡£
Éç»á·½ÑÔÊÇÊÊÓ¦Éç»á·Ö¹¤ÐèÒª¶ø²úÉúµÄÈ«ÃñÓïÑԵķÖÖ§£¬ÊÇÈ«ÃñÓïÑÔµÄÉç»á±äÌå¡£¶øµØÓò·½ÑÔÔòÊÇÈ«ÃñÓïÑÔÔÚ²»Í¬µØÓòÉÏËù²úÉúµÄÈ«ÃñÓïÑԵķÖÖ§£¬ÊÇÓïÑÔ·¢Õ¹²»Æ½ºâÐÔÔÚµØÓòÉϵķ´Ó³£¬ËäÈ»¶¼½Ð·½ÑÔ£¬µ«»®·ÖµÄ½Ç¶ÈÊDz»Í¬µÄ¡£
£¨2£©ÄÚ²¿²îÒ첻ͬ¡£
Óò·½ÑÔÖ®¼äµÄÖ÷Òª²î±ð±íÏÖÔÚÓïÒôÉÏ£¬Í¬Ê±Ò²·´Ó³ÔÚ´Ê»ãϵͳºÍÓ﷨ϵͳ·½Ã棬¶øÉç»á·½ÑÔµÄÖ÷Òª²î±ðÔòÔÚÒ»°ã´Ê»ã·½Ã棬ÓïÒô¡¢Óï·¨·½ÃæûÓвî±ð¡£
£¨3£©·¢Õ¹Ç÷ÊƲ»Í¬¡£
µØÓò·½ÑÔÔÚÒ»¶¨Ìõ¼þÏ¿ÉÒÔ·¢Õ¹Îª¶ÀÁ¢µÄÓïÑÔ£¬»òÔÚÉç»á¸ß¶ÈͳһÈÚºÏÇé¿öÏ¿ÉÄÜÏûʧ£»Éç»á·½ÑÔûÓÐ×Ô¼ºµÄ»ù±¾´Ê»ã¡¢ÓïÒôϵͳ¡¢Óï·¨½á¹¹£¬ÔÚÈκÎÌõ¼þ϶¼²»¿ÉÄÜ·¢Õ¹³ÉΪ¶ÀÁ¢µÄÓïÑÔ¡£
µØÓò·½ÑÔºÍÇ×ÊôÓïÑԵIJîÒì±íÏÖÔÚÄÄЩ·½Ã棿
µØÓò·½ÑÔºÍÇ×ÊôÓïÑÔ¶¼Óëµ¥Ò»Éç»áÔÚµØÓòÉÏ·Ö»¯Ïà¹Ø£¬¶¼Êǵ¥Ò»ÓïÑÔ·Ö»¯¶ø³ÉµÄºó´ú¡£µ«¶þÕß´æÔÚÃ÷ÏԵIJîÒ죺
£¨1£©´ÓÉç»á·Ö»¯¿´£¬µØÓò·½ÑÔÊǵ¥Ò»Éç»áÔÚµØÓòÉÏ·Ö»¯²»ÍêÈ«µÄ½á¹û£»¶øÇ×ÊôÓïÑÔÔòÊǵ¥Ò»Éç»áÔÚµØÓòÉÏ·Ö»¯½øÒ»²½¼Ó¾ç¶øÍêÈ«·Ö»¯µÄ½á¹û¡£
£¨2£©´ÓÓïÑÔ·Ö»¯¿´£¬µØÓò·½ÑÔÊÇËæ׏²Í¬Óï·Ö»¯·¢Õ¹£¬Öð²½ÐγÉÁË×ÔÉíµÄÌص㣬µ«µØÓò·½ÑÔµÄдʡ¢Óï·¨¸ñʽµÈÓ빲ͬÓïÓÐÏ൱´óµÄ¹²Í¬µã£»¶øÇ×ÊôÓïÑÔÖеĴÊÓï¡¢Óï·¨¸ñʽµÈ²»¶ÏÀ©´ó×ÔÉíµÄÌص㣬²¢Ïò²»Í¬·½Ïò¼ÓËÙ·Ö»¯·¢Õ¹£¬×îÖÕÐγÉÁ˶ÀÁ¢µÄÓïÑÔϵͳ¡£
Ò»ÖÖÓïÑÔ·Ö»¯µÄ½á¹ûÊÇÐγɲ»Í¬µÄ·½ÑÔ»¹ÊDz»Í¬µÄÇ×ÊôÓïÑÔ£¬Ö÷Ҫȡ¾öÓÚÉç»á·Ö»¯µÄ³Ì¶ÈÒÔ¼°¹²Í¬ÓïÊÇ·ñ¼ÌÐø´æÔÚ¡£
»Ø´ðÕߣºÌÆ×Óη - ͬ½øÊ¿³öÉí Áù¼¶ 1-21 19:10
|
ûÕÒµ½Õë¶ÔÄúÎÊÌâµÄ´ð°¸£¿¶Ô´ËÎÒÃÇÉî±íǸÒâ,Ï£ÍûÔÚÎÒÃÇΪÄú¼¯³ÉµÄGoogleËÑË÷ÉÏÄú¿ÉÒԲ鵽ÓÚÄúËùÐèÒªµÄÄÚÈÝ |
|
|
ÎÄÕ¼È룺admin ÔðÈα༣ºadmin |
|
|
ÉÏһƪÎÄÕ£º Å·ÖÞ¸÷¹úÓïÑԵľßÌå²î±ðÓëÁªÏµ£¿ ÏÂһƪÎÄÕ£º µ¤Âó¡¢Å²Íþ¡¢·ÒÀ¼¡¢Èðµä·Ö±ð¶¼ËµÊ²Ã´ÓïÑÔ£¿ |
|
|
¡¾×ÖÌ壺С ´ó¡¿¡¾·¢±íÆÀÂÛ¡¿¡¾¼ÓÈëÊղء¿¡¾¸æËߺÃÓÑ¡¿¡¾´òÓ¡´ËÎÄ¡¿¡¾¹Ø±Õ´°¿Ú¡¿ |
|
¡¡¡¡ÍøÓÑÆÀÂÛ£º£¨Ö»ÏÔʾ×îÐÂ10Ìõ¡£ÆÀÂÛÄÚÈÝÖ»´ú±íÍøÓѹ۵㣬Óë±¾Õ¾Á¢³¡Î޹أ¡£© |
|
|
|
|
|